About This Chapter
This testing series focuses on confirming your understanding of areas including kagan's behavioral inhibition, maternal and paternal caregiving, reciprocal socialization, and the sense of self. Presents meticulously developed test items featuring correct responses, thorough explanations, and comprehensive terminology guides structured by difficulty ratings with accurate responses, detailed explanations, and glossary references. Instant answer confirmation with thorough explanatory guidance ensures efficient practice and concept understanding.
The learning objectives include:
✓ Explain how social contexts influence early development.
Question 1
According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age?
- inhibited
- extremely uninhibited
- intermediate
- surgent
Correct Answer:
inhibited
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 2
Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on
- inhibition to the unfamiliar.
- a positive or negative mood state.
- effortful control.
- (hyper) activity level.
Correct Answer:
inhibition to the unfamiliar.
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 3
Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is true?
- Stay-at-home fathers are rarely satisfied with their marriage.
- Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds.
- Fathers lack the ability to act as sensitively and responsively as mothers with their infants.
- Paternal interactions usually center on child-care activities, such as feeding, changing diapers, and bathing.
Correct Answer:
Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds.
Glossary:
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
Question 4
Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?
- Mothers smile more at their children.
- Fathers engage in more physical play with their children.
- Mothers express more emotions with their children.
- Fathers are less affectionate with their children.
Correct Answer:
Fathers engage in more physical play with their children.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 5
Research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers
- tend to be less nurturing caregivers than mothers.
- are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than mothers.
- typically engage in child-care activities such as feeding or bathing rather than play.
- interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
Correct Answer:
interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 6
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of
- sociability.
- scaffolding.
- emotionality.
- reciprocal socialization.
Correct Answer:
scaffolding.
Glossary:
Scaffolding: Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents; these interactions allow infants to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely only on their own abilities.
Question 7
Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?
- child-directed speech
- the Strange Situation
- a game of peek-a-boo
- social referencing
Correct Answer:
a game of peek-a-boo
Glossary:
Scaffolding: Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents; these interactions allow infants to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely only on their own abilities.
Question 8
Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?
- Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement) with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.
- A study of disadvantaged families revealed that an intervention designed to enhance maternal scaffolding with infants was linked to lower cognitive skills when the children were 4 years old.
- Turn taking and games like peek-a-boo seldom reflect the development of joint attention by the caregiver and the infant.
- Scaffolding discourages parental support in children's efforts; the emphasis is on allowing children to be more skillful by relying only on their own abilities.
Correct Answer:
Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement) with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.
Glossary:
Scaffolding: Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents; these interactions allow infants to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely only on their own abilities.
Question 9
Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?
- It is bidirectional.
- It is asynchronous.
- It is nontransactional.
- It is harmful to infants.
Correct Answer:
It is bidirectional.
Glossary:
Reciprocal Socialization: Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
Question 10
Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding?
- Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents.
- The caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.
- Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated actions.
- The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver.
Correct Answer:
Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents.
Question 11
When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby, she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates
- sociability.
- scaffolding.
- emotionality.
- disorganized attachment.
Correct Answer:
scaffolding.
Question 12
Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of
- object permanence.
- scaffolding.
- attachment.
- sociability.
Correct Answer:
scaffolding.
Question 13
Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of
- trust.
- attachment.
- temperament.
- sense of self.
Correct Answer:
sense of self.
Glossary:
Self-Understanding: The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions.
Question 14
Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely
- touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
- touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
- touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has a spot on his nose.
- crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.
Correct Answer:
touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
Glossary:
Sensorimotor Stage: The first of Piaget’s stages, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age; infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions.
Question 15
Eva wanted to check if her 8-month-old nephew, Michael, could recognize his own reflection in a mirror. She places him in front of a mirror and applies a bit of baby powder on his nose. Which of the following is most likely to happen?
- Michael will touch his own nose to wipe off the powder.
- Michael will touch the reflection of his nose on the mirror because he wants to wipe the powder off his own nose.
- Michael will touch the reflection on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has powder on his nose.
- Michael will crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.
Correct Answer:
Michael will crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.