Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in
- face-to-face play.
- parallel play.
- joint attention.
- imitation.
Practice Play: Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then he continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being
- securely attached.
- insecure disorganized.
- insecure resistant.
- insecure avoidant.
Securely Attached Babies: Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as being
- resistant.
- avoidant.
- attached.
- disorganized.
Strange Situation: An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being
- insecure resistant.
- insecure avoidant.
- securely attached.
- insecure disorganized.
Securely Attached Babies: Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being
- insecurely attached.
- extremely inhibited.
- securely attached.
- difficult.
Securely Attached Babies: Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Bella is making a presentation about social neuroscience and infant attachment. She explains to the audience the role of oxytocin in the formation of the parent-infant bond. Which of the following statements, if true, would she focus on during her presentation?
- Gazing at their babies, expressing positive affect toward them, and touching them are some of the behaviors that increase mothers' oxytocin levels.
- Oxytocin release is stimulated by birth and lactation in mothers. Therefore, males cannot form a bond with the infant like the maternal-infant bond.
- When fathers are administered oxytocin, their parenting behavior remains the same.
- Oxytocin is an analgesic drug administered to mothers after childbirth to relieve pain. This drug is thought to be a likely candidate in the formation of the mother-infant attachment, but it is yet to be proved.
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
The ________ refers to a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure.
- nucleus accumbens
- corpus callosum
- hippocampus
- amygdala
Neurons: Nerve cells that handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain.
Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being
- securely attached.
- insecure avoidant.
- insecure resistant.
- insecure disorganized.
Insecure Avoidant Babies: Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
Insecure avoidant babies show
- displeasure by violently reacting to the situation.
- insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
- secure attachment to the caregiver.
- insecurity by avoiding the stranger.
Insecure Avoidant Babies: Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being
- securely attached.
- insecure disorganized.
- insecure resistant.
- insecure avoidant.
Insecure Resistant Babies: Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?
- phase 1
- phase 2
- phase 4
- phase 3
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being
- securely attached.
- insecure avoidant.
- insecure resistant.
- insecure antisocial.
Insecure Avoidant Babies: Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
According to the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth, which of the following babies would appear disoriented?
- tina, a baby who is securely attached to her caregiver
- henry, who is an insecure resistant baby
- clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby
- tobias, a baby who is insecure and avoidant toward his caregiver
Insecure Disorganized Babies: Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
Tiara is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as being
- insecure avoidant.
- insecure disorganized.
- insecure resistant.
- securely attached.
Insecure Disorganized Babies: Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
________, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth.
- Adrenaline
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin
- Estrogen
In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent-wanting to be comforted by his mother but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being
- securely attached.
- insecure avoidant.
- insecure resistant.
- insecure disorganized.
Insecure Resistant Babies: Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because
- it is a controlled, artificial situation.
- there is too little control of contextual factors in it.
- its information is biased by observers' impressions.
- as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.
Strange Situation: An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?
- Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
- Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
- Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
- With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
In every culture studied so far, the most common classification of attachment is
- secure attachment.
- insecure resistant attachment.
- disorganized attachment.
- insecure avoidant attachment.
Secure Attachment Style: An attachment style that describes adults who have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed out about their romantic relationships.