An inhibited temperament has been associated with
- low thyroxine levels.
- unstable heart rate.
- low levels of the hormone cortisol.
- high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Which of the following statements is true about emotions?
- Self-conscious emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
- Social relationships seldom provide the setting for the development of emotions.
- Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
- Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to
- the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
- parental history of emotional control.
- the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
- the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Blanca rarely holds Joey, her baby, and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) ________ with his mother.
- secure attachment
- insecure avoidant attachment
- insecure resistant attachment
- disorganized resistant attachment
Insecure Avoidant Babies: Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her eight-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) ________ toward her.
- insecure avoidant attachment
- insecure disorganized attachment
- insecure resistant attachment
- secure attachment
Insecure Disorganized Babies: Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
Eva's mother describes her as a mildly active child. She also feels that Eva's mood is marginally negative. According to Chess and Thomas' classification, which of the following characteristics is Eva most likely to demonstrate?
- Eva tends to throw tantrums and cry frequently.
- Eva accepts and adapts easily to changes around her.
- Eva displays a low intensity of mood.
- Eva engages in irregular daily routines.
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as
- an easy child.
- a difficult child.
- a slow-to-warm-up child.
- a slow child.
Slow-To-Warm-Up Child: A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
"Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of ________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.
- trust
- emotion
- attachment
- temperament
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continued for a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother dropped him off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?
- slow-to-warm-up
- easy
- difficult
- inflexible
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn.
- 12; unpaid
- 14; paid
- 18; paid
- 18; unpaid
One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)
- decrease in reciprocal socialization.
- increase in behavioral problems.
- increase in prosocial behavior.
- increase in secure attachment.
Behavior Genetics: The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
The ________ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.
- United Nations
- United States
- European Union
- WHO
Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?
- High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are wealthy.
- Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.
- Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours/week tend to experience depression regardless of the quality of care.
- There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to make any correlations.
Affordances: Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities.
The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that
- a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of very high quality.
- a child in child care, regardless of the quality, will be more socially incompetent.
- the home environment is the most important predictor of attachment to caregivers.
- children who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks.
Language: A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. Language consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them.
________ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.
- Genetic predisposition
- Parental sensitivity
- Extraversion
- Uninhibited disposition
Transitivity: The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
Carla is writing an article for a women's magazine. The article mainly highlights the child-care policies in different nations. She hopes that one of the beneficial child-care policies in Sweden will also be implemented in the United States in the near future. Which of the following policies is she referring to?
- inclusion of the father in parental leave
- provision of low-cost child care
- inclusion of the extended family in child-care benefits
- provision of developmentally appropriate child care
Inclusion: Educating a child with special requirements full-time in the regular classroom.
The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that
- extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships.
- the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.
- a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of high quality.
- child-care quality was linked to attachment security at 36 months of age.