At the postconventional stage of moral development, right versus wrong is established on the basis of
- consequences of various actions for the individual.
- expectations of one's family and one's society.
- stereotypes about what is considered right.
- laws, rules, and orders that govern society.
- a set of defined, established moral principles.
The most sophisticated moral thinkers reach the principled (or postconventional) stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles.
Moral Principles: Prescriptive guides for making moral judgments.
Moral development at the conventional stage is characterized by
- an emphasis on laws, rules, and orders that govern society.
- self-interest and a lack of loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.
- a set of defined, established moral principles.
- specific principles like utilitarianism and egoism.
- the desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain regardless of any concern about moral order.
As people mature, their moral judgment reaches the conventional stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society, and people come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society.
Cognitive Moral Development: As people age and mature, they move through several states of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
Which of the following is a feature of moral development at the preconventional stage?
- Right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society.
- Concepts such as doing one's duty and maintaining the social order come to be valued for their own sakes.
- People come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society.
- Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles.
- Morality is practiced to avoid punishment regardless of any concern about moral order.
According to Kohlberg, people begin their moral development at the preconventional stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is viewed in terms of the consequences of various actions for the individual. For example, children seek to avoid punishment for its own sake, regardless of any concern about moral order. Similarly, children obey adults to avoid punishment, regardless of the respect or wisdom shown by those adults.
Cognitive Moral Development: As people age and mature, they move through several states of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral development proposes that as people age and mature, they move through the preconventional, postconventional, and principled stages of moral development.
The theory of cognitive moral development argues that as people age and mature, they move through three stages of moral development-preconventional, conventional, and postconventional-each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
Cognitive Moral Development: As people age and mature, they move through several states of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
All people move through the preconventional and conventional stages and finally operate from the postconventional stage of moral development.
The most sophisticated moral thinkers reach the principled (or postconventional) stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles. Research suggests that fewer than 20 percent of Americans reach this principled stage.
Efforts to improve the quality of life in the communities in which organizations work is typically an effort that comes under the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility.
The citizenship component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.
Corporate Social Responsibility: A perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
Two years ago, Tanaka Technologies, an international manufacturer of smart appliances, opened a location in Springville and created a huge amount of jobs in the area. Glenn works at Tanaka in the accounting department. Overall, he likes his job, even though the benefits could be better, and he thinks the company could be more diverse than it is. Moreover, the management is not very invested in its corporate social responsibility-in fact, within the first year, it was hit with a number of fines for violating local environmental regulations. Following this, the company did rectify the situation by installing a compliance team, but Glenn and other people in Springville feel the company is neglecting its citizenship responsibilities. What could Tanaka do in order to improve its corporate social responsibility in this area?
- focus on improving diversity as there are few minorities in senior positions
- offer employees more incentives and bonuses for achievements
- offer better company benefits, like dental and vision coverage
- institute volunteer initiatives to work with local charities
- invest in training and development programs for staff
The citizenship component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.
Corporate Social Responsibility: A perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
Which of the following is a unique feature of the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility?
- It demands that organizations follow the prescribed ethical codes for their business.
- It proposes that law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must therefore be followed.
- It ensures legal compliance so that a company's reputation is protected against allegations like violation of intellectual property rights or labor laws.
- It argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.
- It represents the conventional level of moral development.
The citizenship component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.
Corporate Social Responsibility: A perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
While fulfilling the ethical component of corporate social responsibility, an organization does what is right, just, and fair. This suggests that the organization has reached the ________ level of moral development.
- preconventional
- principled
- preoperational
- conventional
- metaphysical
The ethical component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations have an obligation to do what is right, just, and fair and to avoid harm. Fulfilling this component is relevant to the benevolence and integrity of the organization and suggests that it has reached the principled level of moral development.
Moral Principles: Prescriptive guides for making moral judgments.
Fulfilling the legal component of corporate social responsibility suggests that the organization has reached the ________ level of moral development.
- preconventional
- principled
- postconventional
- conventional
- preoperational
The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must, therefore, be followed. Fulfilling this component speaks of the integrity of the organization and suggests that it has reached the conventional level of moral development.
Consideration: A pattern of behavior where the leader creates job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employee ideas, and consideration of employee feelings.
________ is a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
- Corporate social responsibility
- Social exchange theory
- Rational choice and responsibility
- Consequential egoism
- Predicted outcome value theory
Corporate social responsibility is a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibilities of a business encompass the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must, therefore, be followed.
The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must, therefore, be followed.