Mark is a 15-year-old boy who lives with his foster parents. He regularly gets into fights and arguments with his friends and family and is usually ignored by them. He starts to take drugs to cope with his loneliness and starts abusing drugs. He breaks into an elderly couple's house and steals money to buy drugs. In this scenario, Mark will most likely be labeled as a(n)
- embezzler.
- hacker.
- juvenile delinquent.
- cyberbully.
Juvenile Delinquent: An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
According to recent research, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in delinquency?
- individual treatment
- restorative justice
- family therapy
- case management
Early-onset antisocial behavior
- is associated with less negative developmental outcomes than late-onset antisocial behavior.
- is seldom associated with a tendency to persist into emerging adulthood.
- is associated with more negative developmental outcomes than late-onset antisocial behavior.
- is seldom associated with relationship problems, unlike late-onset antisocial behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about the trends in juvenile delinquency in the United States?
- Middle-socioeconomic-status youth are judged delinquent more readily than their lower-socioeconomic-status counterparts.
- Delinquency rates among minority groups are lower than the proportions of these groups within the general population.
- Delinquency rates among lower-socioeconomic-status youth are higher than the proportions of these groups within the general population.
- Females are more likely to engage in delinquency than are males.
Socioeconomic Status (SES): Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
The number of juvenile court delinquency caseloads in the United States has
- increased dramatically since 1996.
- increased slightly since 1960.
- decreased dramatically since 1996.
- decreased slightly since 1996.
Longitudinal Approach: A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains ________ of identity, or ways of resolving an identity crisis.
- five stages
- four statuses
- five statuses
- six stages
Erikson’s Theory: Includes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?
- the choices and alternatives he or she has access to
- the individual's socioeconomic and academic profile
- the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment
- the existence or extent of parental and social support
Crisis: Marcia’s term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.
James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.
- commitment
- calling
- conscientiousness
- crisis
Crisis: Marcia’s term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.
Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?
- foreclosure
- exploration
- moratorium
- commitment
Elaboration: An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.
________ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.
- Commitment
- Collaboration
- Calling
- Conscientiousness
Commitment: Marcia’s term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in identity.
Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement
- diffusion
Identity Foreclosure: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.
Nicola is under pressure from her family to decide on the course that she wants to study. She is interested in studying engineering but is not able to select the branch of engineering she wants to study. Her brothers are software engineers, and she feels that studying software engineering may be the right choice for her. However, she also seems interested in electrical engineering. In this scenario, Nicola is in the status of identity referred to as
- identity confusion.
- identity stagnation.
- identity diffusion.
- identity moratorium.
Identity Moratorium: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined.
Mindy wants to pursue a career in the aeronautical industry. She wants to become either an engineer or a pilot. After discussing with her parents, she decides to become an aeronautical engineer. In this scenario, in which Mindy's crisis of identity development is resolved and in which she has made a commitment, she is most likely in the status of identity referred to as
- identity achievement.
- identity foreclosure.
- identity moratorium.
- identity diffusion.
Identity Achievement: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.
Arthur's parents own a home appliances business. His parents along with his three older brothers manage the business together. They want Arthur to help with the business once he graduates. Arthur has agreed to join the family business without putting much thought into this decision. In this scenario, Arthur is in the status of identity referred to as
- identity achievement.
- identity foreclosure.
- identity moratorium.
- identity diffusion.
Identity Foreclosure: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.
Which of the following is the identity status in which a crisis is present but commitment is absent?
- identity diffusion
- identity foreclosure
- identity moratorium
- identity achievement
Identity Moratorium: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined.
Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
- identity crisis
- identity diffusion
- identity foreclosure
- identity achievement
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaningful alternatives) or made any commitments.
Nancy was not able to decide whether she should major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. After significant exploration of both options, she finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Nancy's status of identity.
- identity diffusion
- identity foreclosure
- identity moratorium
- identity achievement
Identity Achievement: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.
________ is the status of identity of an individual in which crisis and commitment are both absent and the individual is undecided about or shows little interest in occupational and ideological choices.
- Identity diffusion
- Identity foreclosure
- Identity moratorium
- Identity achievement
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaningful alternatives) or made any commitments.
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought much about this decision himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity
- diffusion.
- foreclosure.
- moratorium.
- achievement.
Identity Foreclosure: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.
The status of identity ________ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
- achievement
- moratorium
- foreclosure
- diffusion
In the context of statuses of identity, identity moratorium differs from identity diffusion in that in identity moratorium, ________.
- individuals have vaguely defined commitments or no commitments at all
- individuals have not yet experienced a crisis
- individuals have undergone a crisis
- individuals have not yet decided about occupational and ideological choices
Identity Diffusion: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaningful alternatives) or made any commitments.
Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing?
- identity moratorium
- identity achievement
- identity foreclosure
- identity diffusion
Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
- diffusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement
Identity Achievement: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.