As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have
- a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
- several friends but only one "best" friend.
- friends that are of the same sex.
- a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.
Intimacy In Friendships: Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
________, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.
- Erik Erikson
- Harry Stack Sullivan
- Jean Piaget
- James Marcia
Psychoanalytic Theories: Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Sullivan argued that the need for ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.
- respect
- compatibility
- intimacy
- similarity
Affectionate Love: In this type of love, also called companionate love, an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person.
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they
- experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
- develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
- engage in less delinquent behavior.
- become more social as they grow older.
Self-Esteem: The global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self-image.
Manfred is the father of a 16-year-old boy. He notices that his son heads over to the other side of town after getting back from school to meet some friends who are older than him. Manfred also notices that the frequency of these meetings has increased over time. Manfred is now worried about his son hanging out with these older individuals. According to research studies, which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of Manfred's son's interactions with the older individuals?
- Manfred's son will show higher levels of academic achievement.
- Manfred's son will successfully transition to adulthood.
- Manfred's son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior.
- Manfred's son is more likely to avoid risky sexual behavior and substance abuse.
Juvenile Delinquent: An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
Holly is quiet and introverted. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. She keeps mostly to herself and seldom speaks up in class. She never socializes or attends parties. Which of the following terms best describes this aspect of Holly's identity?
- ethnicity
- personality
- achievement
- intellect
Personal Fable: The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent’s sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or invulnerability).
Identity development
- is a single, neat process.
- takes place in bits and pieces.
- happens cataclysmically.
- involves making decisions once and for all.
Identity Achievement: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.
Which of the following statements is true about identity development?
- Synthesizing the identity components is a single, neat process in normal individuals.
- Decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life.
- Identity development occurs in a single, one-step process.
- Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.
Richard believes he is gay. This orientation is part of Richard's ________ identity.
- relationship
- intellectual
- sexual
- ethnic
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal-genital contact.
Which of the following statements is true about the timing of identity development?
- In their last couple of years in college, individuals are more likely to be categorized as identity diffused.
- College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
- By the time adolescents reach college, they would have committed to their religious and political identities.
- A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.
Identity Achievement: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.
An individual's body image encompasses his or her
- sexual identity.
- personality.
- relationship identity.
- physical identity.
Ethnic Identity: An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.