Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n)
- evocative genotype-environment correlation.
- active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
- passive genotype-environment correlation.
- gene-gene correlation.
Passive Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, passive genotype-environment correlations occur because
- biological parents provide a rearing environment for a child.
- children seek out environments that are stimulating.
- a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
- certain genes evoke environmental support.
Passive Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) ________ correlation.
- passive genotype-environment
- evocative genotype-environment
- influential genotype-environment
- active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
Passive Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?
- Uncooperative, distractible children receive more unpleasant and disciplinary action from parents and teachers.
- Outgoing children tend to seek out social contexts in which to interact with people.
- Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.
- Infants who smile more receive more attention from the individuals in their social environment.
Amniocentesis brings a small risk of
- mental retardation.
- limb deformity.
- miscarriage.
- Down syndrome.
Gwendolyn, a pregnant woman, is undergoing a prenatal medical procedure in which her doctor directs high-frequency sound waves into her abdomen to create a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. The doctor informs her that the procedure will reveal the number of fetuses she is carrying, detect abnormalities in the fetus, and give clues to the sex of the baby. In this scenario, which of the following prenatal medical procedures is Gwendolyn most likely undergoing?
- Chorionic villus sampling
- Triple screen
- Amniocentesis
- Ultrasound sonography
________ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability.
- Spina bifida
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Hemophilia
- Microencephaly
Intellectual Disability: A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.
________ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures.
- Triple screen
- MRI
- Ultrasound sonography
- Amniocentesis
Which of the following is the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother's uterus?
- the fallopian tube
- the ovary
- the placenta
- the cervix
Placenta: A prenatal life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine.
Identify a risk related to the use of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) as a prenatal diagnostic test.
- limb deformity
- spina bifida
- down syndrome
- mental retardation
Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; this disease is especially common in older adults.
Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis is true?
- Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects.
- Both CVS and amniocentesis increase the risk of miscarriage.
- Both CVS and amniocentesis increase the risk of limb deformities in the fetus.
- Amniocentesis allows a decision on abortion to be made sooner than CVS.
The current maternal blood screening test is called the triple screen because
- it is performed three times.
- it diagnoses three diseases.
- it measures three substances in the mother's blood.
- it is the third prenatal diagnostic test performed in a pregnancy.
Apgar Scale: A widely used method of assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. The Apgar Scale evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability.
Natasha has a short stature, although everyone in her family is tall. Unlike her family members and relatives, she has a webbed neck. She dislikes mathematics as she has difficulty understanding the subject. However, she takes part in and enjoys activities that require verbal communication. Natasha's doctor informs her parents that she is missing an X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. The symptoms and the cause of the symptoms most likely indicate that Natasha has ________.
- Fragile X syndrome
- XYY syndrome
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Turner syndrome
Turner Syndrome: A chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted.
Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and has a webbed neck. Her doctor has determined that she has one X chromosome missing. Sandra most likely has
- XYY syndrome.
- Fragile X syndrome.
- Turner syndrome.
- XXO syndrome.
Turner Syndrome: A chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted.
Harry is an autistic child and has a short attention span for any task. His intellectual abilities are much lower than other children his age. His pediatrician reveals that Harry has a genetic disorder due to an abnormality in his X chromosome, which has become constricted. Harry most likely suffers from
- Turner syndrome.
- Fragile X syndrome.
- XYY syndrome.
- Klinefelter syndrome.
Fragile X Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.
Human embryos must possess ________ to be viable.
- at least one X chromosome
- two Y chromosomes
- at least one Y chromosome
- three Y chromosomes
Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA.
Which of the following is true of fragile X syndrome?
- It occurs more frequently in males than in females.
- It occurs only in females.
- It makes a female XO instead of XX.
- It results in XXY males.
Fragile X Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.
Tristan has a genetic disorder because of which he has an intellectual disability. His mother informs Tristan's pediatrician that Tristan has an extremely short attention span for any task. Based on Tristan's symptoms, the pediatrician is most likely to diagnose Tristan with
- Fragile X syndrome.
- XYY syndrome.
- Turner syndrome.
- Tay-Sachs disease.
Fragile X Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.
Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of persons with Klinefelter syndrome?
- They have undeveloped testes.
- They are usually short in stature.
- They usually have small breasts.
- They have an extra fold of skin over their eyelids.
Klinefelter Syndrome: A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child despite reports on her reproductive fitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testes are undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy is unusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informs Timothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, making him XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers from
- Down syndrome.
- Fragile X syndrome.
- Klinefelter syndrome.
- Turner syndrome.
Klinefelter Syndrome: A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.