________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.
- Moral integrity
- Emotion regulation
- Moral development
- Independence
Executive Function: An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Executive function involves managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and to exercise self-control.
Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________.
- indulgent parent
- emotion-dismissing parent
- emotion-coaching parent
- authoritarian parent
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.
- emotion-coaching
- emotion-facilitator
- emotion-encouraging
- emotion-independent
Attention: The focusing of mental resources on select information.
________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
- Emotion-dismissing
- Emotion-facilitator
- Emotion-coaching
- Emotion-encouraging
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________.
- emotion-dismissing parent
- authoritarian parent
- emotion-coaching parent
- indulgent parent
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?
- Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.
- They don't want to know what upsets their child.
- They are afraid they can't comfort their child.
- They struggle with their own emotions and change the topic.
Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________.
- emotion-coaching parent
- authoritarian parent
- emotion-dismissing parent
- indulgent parent
Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display?
- Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well.
- Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.
- Jennifer will use scaffolding to interact with her son.
- Jennifer will assist her son in labeling emotions.
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.
- social
- self-conscious
- penitent
- sympathetic
Self-Conscious Emotions: Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.
In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?
- at 1 to 2 months of age
- at 3 to 6 months of age
- at 9 to 12 months of age
- at 15 to 18 months of age
Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals?
- symbolic play
- role-play
- constructive play
- games
Games: Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals.
The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families
- are also homosexual.
- have a heterosexual orientation.
- are likely to be bisexual.
- grow up confused about their sexual orientation.
Eclectic Theoretical Orientation: An orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
Bernice is raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica is raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that
- Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice.
- Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.
- Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation.
- both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced.
Identity Foreclosure: Marcia’s term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.
________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.
- Gender role
- Gender typing
- Gender identity
- Gender labeling
Gender Identity: The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender
- roles.
- identities.
- expectancies.
- rules.
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.
- gender neutrality
- gender identity
- ethnicity
- socioeconomic status
Gender Identity: The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting
- inappropriate behavior.
- sex-typed behavior.
- rebellious behavior.
- gender confusion.
Gender Typing: Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
- acquisition
- reflection
- typing
- acceptance
Gender Typing: Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.