One of the conditions to which prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones have been associated with is
- seizure.
- roseola
- diabetes.
- arthritis.
Hormonal Stress Theory: The theory that aging in the body’s hormonal system can decrease resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?
- Younger people have a slower restorative process after a stressful episode than older people.
- Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress than older people.
- The process of aging increases the pituitary gland's response to stress, making it work harder.
- Older people keep stress hormones in their system at elevated levels for longer periods than younger people do.
Hormones: Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
Continuous accommodation of physiological systems in response to stressors may result in ________, a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity.
- reverse peristalsis
- homeostatic load
- allostatic load
- neuronal proliferation
Accommodation: Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences.
When faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes. This process of adaptation and adjustment is referred to as
- allostasis.
- homeostasis.
- peristalsis.
- transcription.
Which of the following statements is true of the hormonal stress theory of aging?
- It attempts to explain aging at genetic and cellular levels.
- It argues that when faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes.
- It states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults.
- It states that people age because normal metabolic processes within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals.
Hormonal Stress Theory: The theory that aging in the body’s hormonal system can decrease resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
Selena walks with a marked stoop now that she is old. This is most likely due to
- bursitis.
- osteoporosis.
- arthritis.
- diabetes.
Osteoporosis: A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop.
Which of the following is a way of preventing osteoporosis in middle-aged women?
- eating foods rich in fiber
- avoiding smoking
- reducing weight
- increasing the intake of vitamin B
Osteoporosis: A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop.
Maria is 75 years old. She is experiencing severe loss of bone tissue. Maria is most likely to be diagnosed with
- arteriosclerosis.
- diabetes.
- arthritis.
- osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis: A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop.
Women are especially vulnerable to ________, which is the leading cause of broken bones in women.
- osteoporosis
- arthritis
- osteomalacia
- muscular dystrophy
If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy?
- Jerome who is an African American male
- Larry who is a non-Latino White male
- Miranda who is an African American female
- Susanna who is a Latino female
Life Expectancy: The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
Which of the following is one of the findings from the Nun Study?
- Positive emotions early in adulthood were linked to longevity.
- Higher levels of idea density were linked with higher incidences of mild cognitive impairment.
- Aerobic exercise was linked to greater telomere length in older adults.
- Stimulating the brain with intellectual activity did not have any effect on the health of neurons.
Emotion: Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
In the respiratory system, lung capacity drops ________ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.
- 20
- 40
- 50
- 60
Shane is 67 years old. Although he does not have any disease, he goes for regular health checkups. Which of the following is likely to be observed in his medical report?
- His lung capacity has increased.
- His lungs have become more elastic.
- His diaphragm has strengthened.
- His chest has shrunk.
Which of the following statements is true of mTOR pathway theory?
- Some scientists argue that the mTOR pathway is linked to longevity, the successful outcomes of calorie restriction, and reducing cognitive decline.
- Proponents of mTOR pathway theory argue that sirtuins have no serious side effects on the human body.
- mTOR pathway theory argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
- mTOR pathway theory states that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80.
MTOR Pathway: A cellular pathway involving the regulation of growth and metabolism that has been proposed as a key aspect of longevity.
Haruto is a 103-year-old centenarian living in Okinawa, Japan. He leads a healthy life. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to his longevity?
- Haruto has retired from his job.
- Haruto follows a diet heavy on meat, eggs, and dairy products.
- Haruto avoids physically vigorous activities.
- Haruto engages in spiritual practice.
Spirituality: Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?
- estrogen production and the additional X chromosome
- lower cholesterol levels and improved lung function
- postmenopausal hormone levels and increased body water
- better osmoregulation and lower trans fat
Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA.
Allen can be described as an average American. He is currently 65 years old. He is likely to live 18.4 more years. Hence, it can be said that Allen has a ________ of 83.4 years.
- mortality rate
- circadian rhythm
- cellular clock
- life expectancy
Life Expectancy: The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
In 2015, which of the following countries had the highest estimated life expectancy at birth?
- the United States
- Swaziland
- Monaco
- Afghanistan
Life Expectancy: The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
Which of the following countries had one of the lowest estimated life expectancies in 2015?
- Swaziland
- Singapore
- Japan
- Macau
Which of the following is a reason for the longevity of persons living in Okinawa?
- following a diet that is heavy on meat and eggs
- retiring early from jobs
- avoiding physically vigorous activities
- leading a low-stress lifestyle
Which of the following best describes sirtuins?
- They are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes and are proposed as being the key components of the stem cell regeneration process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.
- They are unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
- They are a family of proteins that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.
- They are tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair.
Sirtuins: A family of proteins that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.