About This Chapter
This practice test covers evaluating your understanding of topics including the bullying, the constructivist and direct instruction approaches and the cross-cultural comparisons. Delivers carefully selected supplies test questions featuring verified responses, detailed explanations, and concept glossaries categorized by complexity with correct responses, detailed explanations, and key term definitions. Quick access to accurate responses with comprehensive explanations optimizes study time and learning outcomes.
The learning outcomes are:
✓ Describe changes in peer relationships during middle childhood.
✓ Describe schooling during middle childhood.
Question 1
Which of the following statements is true of bullying in the social context of a peer group?
- Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.
- Bullies are usually rejected by their peer group.
- Classmates of bullying victims are usually unaware of bullying incidents.
- Bullies avoid tormenting victims in front of their peers.
Correct Answer:
Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.
Question 2
Which of the following is true of bullying?
- One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.
- Frequent bullying is linked to low social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.
- A recent meta-analysis indicates that positive parenting behavior is related to a greater likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying at school.
- Children who are bullied are more likely to have low grades and to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.
Correct Answer:
One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.
Question 3
According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying?
- Traditional bullying occurs twice as much as cyberbullying does.
- Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.
- Those who engage in cyberbullying are unlikely to engage in traditional bullying.
- Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties are more likely to be traditionally bullied than to be cyberbullied.
Correct Answer:
Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.
Question 4
Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?
- subject of sexual comments or gestures
- subject of rumors
- belittled about religion or race
- belittled about looks or speech
Correct Answer:
belittled about religion or race
Glossary:
Religion: An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or higher truth).
Question 5
Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on
- skill training victims of bullying in self-defense and assertion techniques.
- decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.
- moving victims of bullying to a different classroom where they feel safer.
- ostracizing bullies and empowering victims of bullying.
Correct Answer:
decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.
Question 6
The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the ________ approach to learning.
- constructivist
- social cognitive
- direct instruction
- collaborative
Correct Answer:
constructivist
Glossary:
Constructivist Approach: A learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Question 7
Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be
- working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.
- passively learning relevant information about a poem from Mr. Trahan.
- memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays.
- learning aspects of a play without the guidance of Mr. Trahan.
Correct Answer:
working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.
Glossary:
Constructivist Approach: A learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Question 8
Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a ________ approach.
- direct instruction
- peer-led discussion
- constructivist
- group discussion
Correct Answer:
direct instruction
Question 9
Unlike the constructivist approach to instruction, the direct instruction approach
- is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress.
- is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from a teacher.
- emphasizes active learning and adequately challenges children to think in critical and creative ways.
- is characterized by maximum time spent by students on nonacademic tasks.
Correct Answer:
is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress.
Glossary:
Constructivist Approach: A learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Question 10
Karius, a school teacher, is an advocate of the constructivist approach to instruction. Given this information, it can be said that Karius is most likely to
- encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand.
- simply pour information into children's minds.
- encourage children to rotely memorize irrelevant as well as relevant information.
- direct and control children and also encourage them to spend maximum time on academic tasks.
Correct Answer:
encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand.
Question 11
According to Carol Dweck, which of the following is true of a growth mindset?
- Children with a growth mindset believe that their qualities cannot change.
- Students from lower-income families are more likely to have a growth mindset than their counterparts from wealthier families.
- Recent research indicates that many parents and teachers with growth mindsets always instill them in children and adolescents.
- Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.
Correct Answer:
Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.
Glossary:
Mindset: The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.
Question 12
Which of the following is a recommendation offered by Eva Pomerantz for parents who want to increase the motivation of their children and adolescents to do well in school?
- Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change.
- Parents should avoid getting involved in their children's and adolescents' academic life often.
- Parents should understand that all children and adolescents are similar.
- Parents should follow an authoritarian style of parenting to produce emotional stability in their children and adolescents.
Correct Answer:
Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change.
Question 13
Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as
- self-efficacy.
- metacognition.
- mindset.
- mind map.
Correct Answer:
mindset.
Glossary:
Mindset: The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.
Question 14
Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?
- variable mindset
- apathetic mindset
- fixed mindset
- growth mindset
Correct Answer:
fixed mindset
Glossary:
Mindset: The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.
Question 15
Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.
- variable
- apathetic
- open
- growth
Correct Answer:
growth
Question 16
Which of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children?
- Asian teachers spend less time teaching math than American teachers do.
- Asian parents have much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than American parents do.
- American parents are more likely to say that their children's math achievement is the consequence of effort and training.
- American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.
Correct Answer:
American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.
Glossary:
Nature-Nurture Issue: Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.